Infantile Parkinsonism-Dystonia Panel
Summary and Pricing ![](img/next-arrow.png)
Test Method
Exome Sequencing with CNV DetectionTest Code | Test Copy Genes | Panel CPT Code | Gene CPT Codes Copy CPT Code | Base Price | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
12609 | Genes x (6)![]() | 81479 | 81406(x1), 81479(x11) | $990 | Order Options and Pricing |
Pricing Comments
We are happy to accommodate requests for testing single genes in this panel or a subset of these genes. The price will remain the list price. If desired, free reflex testing to remaining genes on panel is available. Alternatively, a single gene or subset of genes can also be ordered via our Custom Panel tool.
An additional 25% charge will be applied to STAT orders. STAT orders are prioritized throughout the testing process.
Click here for costs to reflex to whole PGxome (if original test is on PGxome Sequencing platform).
Click here for costs to reflex to whole PGnome (if original test is on PGnome Sequencing platform).
Turnaround Time
3 weeks on average for standard orders or 2 weeks on average for STAT orders.
Please note: Once the testing process begins, an Estimated Report Date (ERD) range will be displayed in the portal. This is the most accurate prediction of when your report will be complete and may differ from the average TAT published on our website. About 85% of our tests will be reported within or before the ERD range. We will notify you of significant delays or holds which will impact the ERD. Learn more about turnaround times here.
Targeted Testing
For ordering sequencing of targeted known variants, go to our Targeted Variants page.
Clinical Features and Genetics ![](img/next-arrow.png)
Clinical Features
Infantile Parkinsonism-dystonia is set of a rare inherited progressive neurological disorders. Major features include infantile onset Parkinsonism and dystonia. Patients present with pyramidal tract signs, rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, hypotonia, cognitive development delay and severe gross motor delay. Other features include irritable, feeding difficulties, abnormal eye movement, gastrointestinal complications and sleeping difficulties. Patients can also suffer from secondary respiratory complications or cardiac failure (Kurian et al. 2009. PubMed ID: 19478460; Kurian et al. 2011. PubMed ID: 21112253). Biochemical analysis of neurotransmitter breakdown products in cerebrospinal fluid can be used to differentiate the diagnosis (Kurian et al. 2011. PubMed ID: 21112253; Rilstone et al. 2013. PubMed ID: 23363473).
Genetics
This panel focuses on genes for infantile Parkinson-dystonia (SLC6A3 and SLC18A2), as well as genes for other genetic disorders with phenotypic overlap with infantile Parkinsonism (DDC, DNM1L, PLA2G6, TH). Pathogenic variants in genes in this panel are all inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, with the exception that DNM1L pathogenic variants can also be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Most of the pathogenic variants are missense.
The major gene in this panel, SLC6A3, encodes the dopamine transporter which regulates the active reuptake of dopamine from the synapse. Pathogenic variants in SLC6A3 are causative for infantile Parkinson-dystonia 1 (Kurian et al. 2009. PubMed ID: 19478460; Kurian et al. 2011. PubMed ID: 21112253; Ng et al. 2014. PubMed ID: 24613933).
SLC18A2 encodes vesicular monoamine transporter 2 which translocates dopamine and serotonin into synaptic vesicles of neurons. Pathogenic variants in SLC18A2 are causative for infantile Parkinson-Dystonia 2 (Rilstone et al. 2013. PubMed ID: 23363473).
DDC encodes DOPA decarboxylase which catalyzes the conversion of DOPA to dopamine, L-5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin and L-tryptophan to tryptamine. Pathogenic variants in DDC are causative for aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency (Brun et al. 2010. PubMed ID: 20505134).
DNM1L encodes dynamin-like protein 1 which mediates mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission. Certain pathogenic variants in DNM1L are causative for severe infantile Parkinsonism or lethal encephalopathy (Díez et al. 2017. PubMed ID: 28436574; Chang et al. 2010. PubMed ID: 20696759).
PLA2G6 encodes a calcium-independent phospholipases A2 group VI which catalyzes hydrolysis of the sn-2 acyl-ester bonds in phospholipids. Pathogenic variants in PLA2G6 are causative for infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, and PLA2G6-related dystonia-parkinsonism (Salih et al. 2013. PubMed ID: 24130795; Romani et al. 2015. PubMed ID: 25164370).
TH encodes the tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of catecholamines, including dopamine. Pathogenic variants in the TH gene are causative for Segawa syndrome (Yosunkaya et al. 2010. PubMed ID: 20399390).
See individual gene summaries for more information about molecular biology of gene products and spectra of pathogenic variants.
Clinical Sensitivity - Sequencing with CNV PGxome
Clinical sensitivity of this panel in a large cohort of patients with infantile Parkinsonism-dystonia is unavailable in the literature because most instances are case reports or family studies. Pathogenic variants in SLC6A3 are the most common cause of infantile Parkinsonism with dystonia. Analytical sensitivity for SLC6A3 should be high as nearly all reported pathogenic variants are detectable by sequencing.
Other genes in this panel can help with differential diagnosis.
Testing Strategy
This test is performed using Next-Gen sequencing with additional Sanger sequencing as necessary.
This panel provides 100% coverage of all coding exons of the genes plus 10 bases of flanking noncoding DNA in all available transcripts along with other non-coding regions in which pathogenic variants have been identified at PreventionGenetics or reported elsewhere. We define coverage as ≥20X NGS reads or Sanger sequencing. PGnome panels typically provide slightly increased coverage over the PGxome equivalent. PGnome sequencing panels have the added benefit of additional analysis and reporting of deep intronic regions (where applicable).
Dependent on the sequencing backbone selected for this testing, discounted reflex testing to any other similar backbone-based test is available (i.e., PGxome panel to whole PGxome; PGnome panel to whole PGnome).
Indications for Test
This test is recommended for patients suspected to have infantile Parkinsonism-dystonia.
This test is recommended for patients suspected to have infantile Parkinsonism-dystonia.
Genes
Official Gene Symbol | OMIM ID |
---|---|
DDC | 107930 |
DNM1L | 603850 |
PLA2G6 | 603604 |
SLC18A2 | 193001 |
SLC6A3 | 126455 |
TH | 191290 |
Inheritance | Abbreviation |
---|---|
Autosomal Dominant | AD |
Autosomal Recessive | AR |
X-Linked | XL |
Mitochondrial | MT |
Diseases
Related Test
Name |
---|
PGxome® |
Citations ![](img/next-arrow.png)
- Brun et al. 2010. PubMed ID: 20505134
- Chang et al. 2010. PubMed ID: 20696759
- Díez et al. 2017. PubMed ID: 28436574
- Kurian et al. 2009. PubMed ID: 19478460
- Kurian et al. 2011. PubMed ID: 21112253
- Ng et al. 2014. PubMed ID: 24613933
- Rilstone et al. 2013. PubMed ID: 23363473
- Romani et al. 2015. PubMed ID: 25164370
- Salih et al. 2013. PubMed ID: 24130795
- Yosunkaya et al. 2010. PubMed ID: 20399390
Ordering/Specimens ![](img/next-arrow.png)
Ordering Options
We offer several options when ordering sequencing tests. For more information on these options, see our Ordering Instructions page. To view available options, click on the Order Options button within the test description.
myPrevent - Online Ordering
- The test can be added to your online orders in the Summary and Pricing section.
- Once the test has been added log in to myPrevent to fill out an online requisition form.
- PGnome sequencing panels can be ordered via the myPrevent portal only at this time.
Requisition Form
- A completed requisition form must accompany all specimens.
- Billing information along with specimen and shipping instructions are within the requisition form.
- All testing must be ordered by a qualified healthcare provider.
For Requisition Forms, visit our Forms page
If ordering a Duo or Trio test, the proband and all comparator samples are required to initiate testing. If we do not receive all required samples for the test ordered within 21 days, we will convert the order to the most effective testing strategy with the samples available. Prior authorization and/or billing in place may be impacted by a change in test code.
Specimen Types
Specimen Requirements and Shipping Details
PGxome (Exome) Sequencing Panel
PGnome (Genome) Sequencing Panel
ORDER OPTIONS
View Ordering Instructions1) Select Test Type
2) Select Additional Test Options
No Additional Test Options are available for this test.