Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 1 (OCAI) via the TYR Gene
Summary and Pricing 
Test Method
Exome Sequencing with CNV Detection
| Test Code | Test Copy Genes | Test CPT Code | Gene CPT Codes Copy CPT Code | Base Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9979 | TYR | 81404 | 81404,81479 | $990 | Order Options and Pricing |
Pricing Comments
Our favored testing approach is exome based NextGen sequencing with CNV analysis. This will allow cost effective reflexing to PGxome or other exome based tests. However, if full gene Sanger sequencing is desired for STAT turnaround time, insurance, or other reasons, please see link below for Test Code, pricing, and turnaround time information. If the Sanger option is selected, CNV detection may be ordered through Test #600.
An additional 25% charge will be applied to STAT orders. STAT orders are prioritized throughout the testing process.
Click here for costs to reflex to whole PGxome (if original test is on PGxome Sequencing platform).
Click here for costs to reflex to whole PGnome (if original test is on PGnome Sequencing platform).
The Sanger Sequencing method for this test is NY State approved.
For Sanger Sequencing click here.Turnaround Time
3 weeks on average for standard orders or 2 weeks on average for STAT orders.
Please note: Once the testing process begins, an Estimated Report Date (ERD) range will be displayed in the portal. This is the most accurate prediction of when your report will be complete and may differ from the average TAT published on our website. About 85% of our tests will be reported within or before the ERD range. We will notify you of significant delays or holds which will impact the ERD. Learn more about turnaround times here.
Targeted Testing
For ordering sequencing of targeted known variants, go to our Targeted Variants page.
Clinical Features and Genetics
Clinical Features
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is an inherited disorder caused by deficiency in melanin synthesis that results in hypopigmentation of the skin, eyes, and hair. If the phenotype is mainly restricted to the eyes and the optic system, it is referred to as ocular albinism (OA) (Gargiulo et al. 2011). The reduction or complete absence of melanin pigment in the developing eye leads to foveal hypoplasia and misrouting of the optic nerves in the affected individuals (Oetting and King 1999). The eye and optic system abnormalities that are common to all types of albinism are nystagmus, photophobia, strabismus, moderate to severe impairment of visual acuity, reduced iris pigment with iris translucency, reduced retinal pigment with visualization of the choroidal blood vessels on ophthalmoscopic examination, refractive errors and altered visual evoked potentials (VEP). The degree of skin and hair hypopigmentation varies with the type of OCA (Lewis 2012). To date, four types of non-syndromic OCA (type I-IV) have been described, and their prevalence varies among different populations (Lewis 1993).
Genetics
OCA is genetically heterogeneous. One of the major autosomal recessive forms, OCAI (sub types OCAIA and OCAIB), is caused by variations in the TYR gene. TYR encodes tyrosinase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first 2 steps in the melanin pigment biosynthetic pathway. In the most severe type, OCAIA (tyrosinase-negative), affected individuals completely lack melanin production throughout life due to absent tyrosinase activity, whereas in the milder form, OCAIB (yellow/light off-white), melanin production is reduced due to significant decrease in tyrosinase activity (Tripathi et al. 1992; Karaman 2008). So far, over 300 causative sequence variations (missense, nonsense, splicing, small insertions and deletions) have been associated with OCAI (Human Gene Mutation Database). Gross deletions are quite rare in the TYR gene (Albinism Database; Lewis 1993).
Clinical Sensitivity - Sequencing with CNV PGxome
A mutational screening in 127 unrelated Chinese OCA patients identified TYR mutations in 70.1% of the patients (89/127) and OCA2 mutations in 10.2% of the patients (13 of 127) (Wei et al. 2009). TYR is the major OCA gene in the Danish population (26%) (Gronskov et al. 2008). DNA sequence analysis of thirty-six unrelated White patients diagnosed with autosomal recessive ocular albinism (AROA) revealed TYR mutations in 56% (20/36), OCA2 mutations in 8% (3/36) and both TYR and OCA2 mutations in 6% (2/36) (Hutton and Spritz 2008). Another molecular analysis of Albinism in a large cohort of Italian patients identified that TYR was the most frequently mutated gene (33/45; 73.3%), followed by OCA2 (6/45; 13.3%) (Gargiulo et al. 2011).
Testing Strategy
This test provides full coverage of all coding exons of the TYR gene plus 10 bases of flanking noncoding DNA in all available transcripts along with other non-coding regions in which pathogenic variants have been identified at PreventionGenetics or reported elsewhere. We define full coverage as >20X NGS reads or Sanger sequencing. PGnome panels typically provide slightly increased coverage over the PGxome equivalent. PGnome sequencing panels have the added benefit of additional analysis and reporting of deep intronic regions (where applicable).
Dependent on the sequencing backbone selected for this testing, discounted reflex testing to any other similar backbone-based test is available (i.e., PGxome panel to whole PGxome; PGnome panel to whole PGnome).
Indications for Test
All patients with symptoms suggestive of Oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCAI) are candidates. This test may also be considered for the reproductive partners of individuals who carry pathogenic variants in TYR.
All patients with symptoms suggestive of Oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCAI) are candidates. This test may also be considered for the reproductive partners of individuals who carry pathogenic variants in TYR.
Gene
| Official Gene Symbol | OMIM ID |
|---|---|
| TYR | 606933 |
| Inheritance | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Autosomal Dominant | AD |
| Autosomal Recessive | AR |
| X-Linked | XL |
| Mitochondrial | MT |
Diseases
| Name | Inheritance | OMIM ID |
|---|---|---|
| Albinism, Ocular, With Sensorineural Deafness | AD | 103470 |
| Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 1A | AR | 203100 |
| Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 1B | AR | 606952 |
| Skin/Hair/Eye Pigmentation, Variation In, 3 | AR | 601800 |
Citations
- Albinism Database- International Albinism Center, University of Minnesota (TYR).
- Gargiulo A, Testa F, Rossi S, Iorio V Di, Fecarotta S, Berardinis T de, Iovine A, Magli A, Signorini S, Fazzi E. 2011. Molecular and clinical characterization of albinism in a large cohort of Italian patients. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 52: 1281–1289. PubMed ID: 20861488
- Gronskov K, Ek J, Sand A, Scheller R, Bygum A, Brixen K, Brondum-Nielsen K, Rosenberg T. 2008. Birth Prevalence and Mutation Spectrum in Danish Patients with Autosomal Recessive Albinism. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 50: 1058–1064. PubMed ID: 19060277
- Hutton SM, Spritz RA. 2008. A comprehensive genetic study of autosomal recessive ocular albinism in Caucasian patients. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 49: 868–872. PubMed ID: 18326704
- Karaman A. 2008. Oculocutaneous albinism type 1A: a case report. Dermatol. Online J. 14: 13. PubMed ID: 19094851
- Lewis RA. 2012. Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 2. In: Pagon RA, Adam MP, Bird TD, Dolan CR, Fong C-T, and Stephens K, editors. GeneReviews™, Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle. PubMed ID: 20301410
- Lewis RA. 2013. Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 1. In: Pagon RA, Adam MP, Bird TD, Dolan CR, Fong C-T, Smith RJ, and Stephens K, editors. GeneReviews™, Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle. PubMed ID: 20301345
- Oetting WS, King RA. 1999. Molecular basis of albinism: mutations and polymorphisms of pigmentation genes associated with albinism. Hum. Mutat. 13: 99–115. PubMed ID: 10094567
- Tripathi RK, Strunk KM, Giebel LB, Weleber RG, Spritz RA. 1992. Tyrosinase gene mutations in type I (tyrosinase-deficient) oculocutaneous albinism define two clusters of missense substitutions. Am. J. Med. Genet. 43: 865–871. PubMed ID: 1642278
- Wei A, Wang Y, Long Y, Wang Y, Guo X, Zhou Z, Zhu W, Liu J, Bian X, Lian S. 2009. A comprehensive analysis reveals mutational spectra and common alleles in Chinese patients with oculocutaneous albinism. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 130: 716–724. PubMed ID: 19865097
Ordering/Specimens
Ordering Options
We offer several options when ordering sequencing tests. For more information on these options, see our Ordering Instructions page. To view available options, click on the Order Options button within the test description.
myPrevent - Online Ordering
- The test can be added to your online orders in the Summary and Pricing section.
- Once the test has been added log in to myPrevent to fill out an online requisition form.
- PGnome sequencing panels can be ordered via the myPrevent portal only at this time.
Requisition Form
- A completed requisition form must accompany all specimens.
- Billing information along with specimen and shipping instructions are within the requisition form.
- All testing must be ordered by a qualified healthcare provider.
For Requisition Forms, visit our Forms page
If ordering a Duo or Trio test, the proband and all comparator samples are required to initiate testing. If we do not receive all required samples for the test ordered within 21 days, we will convert the order to the most effective testing strategy with the samples available. Prior authorization and/or billing in place may be impacted by a change in test code.
Specimen Types
Specimen Requirements and Shipping Details
PGxome (Exome) Sequencing Panel
PGnome (Genome) Sequencing Panel
Loading...
×
ORDER OPTIONS
View Ordering Instructions1) Select Test Type
2) Select Additional Test Options
No Additional Test Options are available for this test.