Amelogenesis Imperfecta via the DLX3 Gene
Summary and Pricing 
Test Method
Exome Sequencing with CNV Detection
| Test Code | Test Copy Genes | Test CPT Code | Gene CPT Codes Copy CPT Code | Base Price | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9061 | DLX3 | 81479 | 81479,81479 | $990 | Order Options and Pricing |
Pricing Comments
Our favored testing approach is exome based NextGen sequencing with CNV analysis. This will allow cost effective reflexing to PGxome or other exome based tests. However, if full gene Sanger sequencing is desired for STAT turnaround time, insurance, or other reasons, please see link below for Test Code, pricing, and turnaround time information. If the Sanger option is selected, CNV detection may be ordered through Test #600.
An additional 25% charge will be applied to STAT orders. STAT orders are prioritized throughout the testing process.
Click here for costs to reflex to whole PGxome (if original test is on PGxome Sequencing platform).
Click here for costs to reflex to whole PGnome (if original test is on PGnome Sequencing platform).
The Sanger Sequencing method for this test is NY State approved.
For Sanger Sequencing click here.Turnaround Time
3 weeks on average for standard orders or 2 weeks on average for STAT orders.
Please note: Once the testing process begins, an Estimated Report Date (ERD) range will be displayed in the portal. This is the most accurate prediction of when your report will be complete and may differ from the average TAT published on our website. About 85% of our tests will be reported within or before the ERD range. We will notify you of significant delays or holds which will impact the ERD. Learn more about turnaround times here.
Targeted Testing
For ordering sequencing of targeted known variants, go to our Targeted Variants page.
Clinical Features and Genetics
Clinical Features
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a heterogeneous condition of enamel defects affecting both primary and permanent dentitions. Affected teeth are usually small, discolored, pitted or grooved, and prone to rapid wear and breakage. Based on clinical and radiographic features of the enamel defects as well as on the mode of inheritance, AI has been divided into 14 different subtypes, which can be grouped into four major forms: hypoplastic, hypomaturation, hypocalcified, and hypomaturation-hypoplastic with taurodontism (Witkop et al. 1988). Hypoplastic AI shows reduced enamel volume with pits or grooves, but enamel is usually hard and translucent. Hypomaturation and hypocalcified AI have hypomineralized enamel with nearly normal matrix volume. Hypocalcified AI may present soft enamel which can be easily scraped away by attrition. Hypomaturation enamel is hard, but brittle and prone to breaking off. Hypomaturation-hypoplastic with taurodontism shows reduced, hypomineralized enamel with pits; in addition, molars or other teeth may present enlarged pulp chambers (Witkop et al. 1988; Crawford et al. 2007).
AI and AI-related syndrome are currently known to be caused by mutations in the following genes: AMELX (Aldred et al. 1992), DLX3 (Price et al. 1998), ENAM (Mardh et al. 2002), KLK4 (Hart et al. 2004), MMP20 (Kim et al. 2005), FAM83H (Lee et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2008), WDR72 (El-Sayed et al. 2009), FAM20A (O'Sullivan et al. 2011), C4orf26 (Parry et al. 2012), ROGDI (Schossig et al. 2012), SLC24A4 (Parry et al. 2013), ITGB6 (Poulter et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2013), LAMB3 (Kim et al. 2013), CNNM4 (Parry et al. 2009) and NHS (Burdon et al. 2003).
Enamel defects can also occur as syndrome disorders. For example, Kohlschütter–Tönz syndrome features enamel defects, psychomotor delay or regression and seizures caused by ROGDI mutations (Tucci et al. 2013); Nance-Horan syndrome (NHS) is characterized by congenital cataracts, dental anomalies, dysmorphic features and mental retardation caused by mutations in the NHS gene (Burdon et al. 2003); Jalili Syndrome features autosomal-Recessive Cone-Rod dystrophy and amelogenesis Imperfecta caused by mutations in the CNNM4 gene (Parry et al. 2009); and mutations in the FAM20A gene cause amelogenesis imperfecta and gingival hyperplasia syndrome as well as amelogenesis imperfecta and renal syndrome (O’Sullivan et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2013).
Genetics
Mutations in the DLX3 gene cause autosomal dominant amelogenesis imperfecta, hypomaturation-hypoplastic type, with taurodontism and tricho-donto-osseous syndrome. DLX3 is a homeobox-containing transcription factor that plays a role in skeletal formation. To date, only five unique pathogenic variants have been reported. They are: two missense (Nieminen et al. 2011), two small deletions (Price et al. 1998; Dong et al. 2005; Wright et al. 2008) and one large deletion in a family affected with osteogenesis imperfecta, tricho-dento-osseous syndrome and intellectual disability (Harbuz et al. 2013).
Clinical Sensitivity - Sequencing with CNV PGxome
Analytical sensitivity may be high because four out of five reported mutations are expected to be detected by Sanger sequencing. Clinical sensitivity is currently unknown due to limitations in the medical literature regarding the disease causing mutations of the DLX3 gene.
One large deletion involving DLX3 was identified in a family affected with osteogenesis imperfecta, tricho-dento-osseous syndrome and intellectual disability (Harbuz et al. 2013).
Testing Strategy
This test provides full coverage of all coding exons of the DLX3 gene plus 10 bases of flanking noncoding DNA in all available transcripts along with other non-coding regions in which pathogenic variants have been identified at PreventionGenetics or reported elsewhere. We define full coverage as >20X NGS reads or Sanger sequencing. PGnome panels typically provide slightly increased coverage over the PGxome equivalent. PGnome sequencing panels have the added benefit of additional analysis and reporting of deep intronic regions (where applicable).
Dependent on the sequencing backbone selected for this testing, discounted reflex testing to any other similar backbone-based test is available (i.e., PGxome panel to whole PGxome; PGnome panel to whole PGnome).
Indications for Test
Candidates for this test are patients with hypomaturation-hypoplastic type, with taurodontism or patients with tricho-dento-osseous syndrome and the family members of patients who have known DLX3 mutations.
Candidates for this test are patients with hypomaturation-hypoplastic type, with taurodontism or patients with tricho-dento-osseous syndrome and the family members of patients who have known DLX3 mutations.
Gene
| Official Gene Symbol | OMIM ID |
|---|---|
| DLX3 | 600525 |
| Inheritance | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Autosomal Dominant | AD |
| Autosomal Recessive | AR |
| X-Linked | XL |
| Mitochondrial | MT |
Diseases
| Name | Inheritance | OMIM ID |
|---|---|---|
| Amelogenesis Imperfecta, Type IV | AD | 104510 |
| Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome | AD | 190320 |
Related Tests
Citations
- Aldred MJ, Crawford PJ, Roberts E, Thomas NS. 1992. Identification of a nonsense mutation in the amelogenin gene (AMELX) in a family with X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta (AIH1). Hum. Genet. 90: 413–416. PubMed ID: 1483698
- Burdon KP, McKay JD, Sale MM, Russell-Eggitt IM, Mackey DA, Wirth MG, Elder JE, Nicoll A, Clarke MP, FitzGerald LM, Stankovich JM, Shaw MA, et al. 2003. Mutations in a Novel Gene, NHS, Cause the Pleiotropic Effects of Nance-Horan Syndrome, Including Severe Congenital Cataract, Dental Anomalies, and Mental Retardation. Am J Hum Genet 73: 1120–1130. PubMed ID: 14564667
- Crawford PJ, Aldred M, Bloch-Zupan A. 2007. Amelogenesis imperfecta. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2: 17. PubMed ID: 17408482
- Dong J, Amor D, Aldred MJ, Gu T, Escamilla M, MacDougall M. 2005. DLX3 mutation associated with autosomal dominant amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 133A: 138–141. PubMed ID: 15666299
- El-Sayed W, Parry DA, Shore RC, Ahmed M, Jafri H, Rashid Y, Al-Bahlani S, Harasi S Al, Kirkham J, Inglehearn CF, Mighell AJ. 2009. Mutations in the Beta Propeller WDR72 Cause Autosomal-Recessive Hypomaturation Amelogenesis Imperfecta. The American Journal of Human Genetics 85: 699–705. PubMed ID: 19853237
- Harbuz R, Bilan F, Couet D, Charraud V, Kitzis A, Gilbert-Dussardier B. 2013. Osteogenesis imperfecta, tricho-dento-osseous syndrome and intellectual disability: A familial case with 17q21.33-q22 ( COL1A1 and DLX3 ) deletion and 7q32.3-q33 duplication resulting from a reciprocal interchromosomal insertion. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A n/a–n/a. PubMed ID: 23949819
- Hart PS. 2004. Mutation in kallikrein 4 causes autosomal recessive hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta. Journal of Medical Genetics 41: 545–549. PubMed ID: 15235027
- Kim J, Simmer J, Hart T, Hart P, Ramaswami M, Bartlett J, Hu J. 2005. MMP-20 mutation in autosomal recessive pigmented hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta. J Med Genet 42: 271–275. PubMed ID: 15744043
- Kim J-W, Lee S-K, Lee ZH, Park J-C, Lee K-E, Lee M-H, Park J-T, Seo B-M, Hu JC-C, Simmer JP. 2008. FAM83H Mutations in Families with Autosomal-Dominant Hypocalcified Amelogenesis Imperfecta. The American Journal of Human Genetics 82: 489–494. PubMed ID: 18252228
- Kim JW, Seymen F, Lee KE, Ko J, Yildirim M, Tuna EB, Gencay K, Shin TJ, Kyun HK, Simmer JP, Hu JC-C. 2013. LAMB3 mutations causing autosomal-dominant amelogenesis imperfecta. J. Dent. Res. 92: 899–904. PubMed ID: 23958762
- Lee S-K, Hu JC-C, Bartlett JD, Lee K-E, Lin BP-J, Simmer JP, Kim J-W. 2008. Mutational Spectrum of FAM83H: The C-Terminal Portion is Required for Tooth Enamel Calcification. Hum Mutat 29: E95–E99. PubMed ID: 18484629
- Mårdh CK, Bäckman B, Holmgren G, Hu JC-C, Simmer JP, Forsman-Semb K. 2002. A nonsense mutation in the enamelin gene causes local hypoplastic autosomal dominant amelogenesis imperfecta (AIH2). Hum. Mol. Genet. 11: 1069–1074. PubMed ID: 11978766
- Nieminen P, Lukinmaa P-L, Alapulli H, Methuen M, Suojärvi T, Kivirikko S, Peltola J, Asikainen M, Alaluusua S. 2011. DLX3 Homeodomain Mutations Cause Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome with Novel Phenotypes. Cells Tissues Organs 194: 49–59. PubMed ID: 21252474
- O’Sullivan J, Bitu CC, Daly SB, Urquhart JE, Barron MJ, Bhaskar SS, Martelli-Junior H, Santos Neto PE dos, Mansilla MA, Murray JC, Coletta RD, Black GCM, et al. 2011. Whole-Exome Sequencing Identifies FAM20A Mutations as a Cause of Amelogenesis Imperfecta and Gingival Hyperplasia Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 88: 616–620. PubMed ID: 21549343
- Parry DA, Brookes SJ, Logan CV, Poulter JA, El-Sayed W, Al-Bahlani S, Harasi S Al, Sayed J, Raïf EM, Shore RC, Dashash M, Barron M, et al. 2012. Mutations in C4orf26, Encoding a Peptide with In Vitro Hydroxyapatite Crystal Nucleation and Growth Activity, Cause Amelogenesis Imperfecta. The American Journal of Human Genetics 91: 565–571. PubMed ID: 22901946
- Parry DA, Mighell AJ, El-Sayed W, Shore RC, Jalili IK, Dollfus H, Bloch-Zupan A, Carlos R, Carr IM, Downey LM, Blain KM, Mansfield DC, et al. 2009. Mutations in CNNM4 Cause Jalili Syndrome, Consisting of Autosomal-Recessive Cone-Rod Dystrophy and Amelogenesis Imperfecta. Am J Hum Genet 84: 266–273. PubMed ID: 19200525
- Parry DA, Poulter JA, Logan CV, Brookes SJ, Jafri H, Ferguson CH, Anwari BM, Rashid Y, Zhao H, Johnson CA, Inglehearn CF, Mighell AJ. 2013. Identification of Mutations in SLC24A4, Encoding a Potassium-Dependent Sodium/Calcium Exchanger, as a Cause of Amelogenesis Imperfecta. The American Journal of Human Genetics 92: 307–312. PubMed ID: 23375655
- Poulter JA, Brookes SJ, Shore RC, Smith CEL, Farraj L Abi, Kirkham J, Inglehearn CF, Mighell AJ. 2013. A missense mutation in ITGB6 causes pitted hypomineralized amelogenesis imperfecta. Human Molecular Genetics. PubMed ID: 24319098
- Price JA, Bowden DW, Wright JT, Pettenati MJ, Hart TC. 1998. Identification of a mutation in DLX3 associated with tricho-dento-osseous (TDO) syndrome. Human molecular genetics 7: 563–569. PubMed ID: 9467018
- Price JA, Wright JT, Kula K, Bowden DW, Hart TC. 1998. A common DLX3 gene mutation is responsible for tricho-dento-osseous syndrome in Virginia and North Carolina families. J Med Genet 35: 825–828. PubMed ID: 9783705
- Schossig A, Wolf NI, Fischer C, Fischer M, Stocker G, Pabinger S, Dander A, Steiner B, Tonz O, Kotzot D, Haberlandt E, Amberger A, et al. 2012. Mutations in ROGDI Cause Kohlschütter-Tönz Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 90: 701–707. PubMed ID: 22424600
- Tucci A, Kara E, Schossig A, Wolf NI, Plagnol V, Fawcett K, Paisán-Ruiz C, Moore M, Hernandez D, Musumeci S. 2013. Kohlschütter–Tönz Syndrome: Mutations in ROGDI and Evidence of Genetic Heterogeneity. Human mutation 34: 296–300. PubMed ID: 23086778
- Wang S-K, Choi M, Richardson AS, Reid BM, Lin BP, Wang SJ, Kim J-W, Simmer JP, Hu JC-C. 2013. ITGB6 loss-of-function mutations cause autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta. Hum. Mol. Genet. ddt611. PubMed ID: 24305999
- Witkop CJ. 1988. Amelogenesis imperfecta, dentinogenesis imperfecta and dentin dysplasia revisited: problems in classification. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine 17: 547–553. PubMed ID: 3150442
- Wright JT, Hong SP, Simmons D, Daly B, Uebelhart D, Luder HU. 2008. DLX3 c.561_562delCT mutation causes attenuated phenotype of tricho-dento-osseous syndrome. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 146A: 343-349. PubMed ID: 18203197
Ordering/Specimens
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For Requisition Forms, visit our Forms page
If ordering a Duo or Trio test, the proband and all comparator samples are required to initiate testing. If we do not receive all required samples for the test ordered within 21 days, we will convert the order to the most effective testing strategy with the samples available. Prior authorization and/or billing in place may be impacted by a change in test code.
Specimen Types
Specimen Requirements and Shipping Details
PGxome (Exome) Sequencing Panel
PGnome (Genome) Sequencing Panel
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