Melanoma Predisposition via the CDK4 Gene
Summary and Pricing
Test Method
Sequencing and CNV Detection via NextGen Sequencing using PG-Select Capture ProbesTest Code | Test Copy Genes | Test CPT Code | Gene CPT Codes Copy CPT Code | Base Price | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
7395 | CDK4 | 81479 | 81479,81479 | $990 | Order Options and Pricing |
Pricing Comments
Testing run on PG-select capture probes includes CNV analysis for the gene(s) on the panel but does not permit the optional add on of exome-wide CNV analysis. Any of the NGS platforms allow reflex to other clinically relevant genes, up to whole exome or whole genome sequencing depending upon the base platform selected for the initial test.
An additional 25% charge will be applied to STAT orders. STAT orders are prioritized throughout the testing process.
This test is also offered via a custom panel (click here) on our exome or genome backbone which permits the optional add on of exome-wide CNV or genome-wide SV analysis.
Turnaround Time
3 weeks on average for standard orders or 2 weeks on average for STAT orders.
Please note: Once the testing process begins, an Estimated Report Date (ERD) range will be displayed in the portal. This is the most accurate prediction of when your report will be complete and may differ from the average TAT published on our website. About 85% of our tests will be reported within or before the ERD range. We will notify you of significant delays or holds which will impact the ERD. Learn more about turnaround times here.
Targeted Testing
For ordering sequencing of targeted known variants, go to our Targeted Variants page.
Clinical Features and Genetics
Clinical Features
Melanoma is a malignant tumor that originates in melanocytes, a specialized cell type that produces melanin pigments that determine skin, hair and eye color (Lin and Fisher. Nature 445:843–850, 2007). Over the past few decades there has been a rise in the incidence of melanoma due to improved awareness leading to additional diagnoses and to lifestyle changes that have resulted in an increase in sun exposure (Mehnert and Kluger. Curr Oncol Rep 14:449–457, 2012). Most melanomas occur as sporadic cases with no recognized familial component; however, melanoma appears to be twice as common in people with an affected parent, three times as common if a sibling is affected, and nine times as common if both a parent and a sibling are affected (Hemminki et al. J Invest Dermatol 120:217–223, 2003). Familial clustering is likely the result of genetic and environmental factors. Heritable alleles for melanoma susceptibility range from high-risk, high-penetrance alleles that are rare, to low-risk, low-penetrance alleles that are rather ubiquitous (Nelson et al. Clinics in Dermatology 27, 46–52, 2009). Mutations in the highly penetrant CDKN2A, and less commonly the CDK4 gene, are responsible for the majority of predisposition to melanoma cases. CDK4 mutations appear to be associated with a similar median age at melanoma diagnosis as CDKN2A mutations (i.e. 36 years) (Meyle at al. Hum Genet 126:499–510, 2009; Goldstein et al. Cancer Res 66:9818–9828, 2006).
Genetics
Melanoma predisposition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The strongest genetic risk for the development of melanoma results from heritable alterations in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene, however mutations in the CDK4 gene have been reported. CDK4 is an oncogene that encodes a protein kinase. The two most common CDK4 mutations leading to melanoma are both at codon 24 (ie, Arg24Cys and Arg24His). Mutations in CDK4 are therefore oncogenic alleles, with only a single mutation necessary to result in tumorigenesis (Nelson et al. Clinics in Dermatology 27, 46–52, 2009). The function of the upstream p16/INK4a protein is to inhibit CDK4/6 protein-mediated phosphorylation of the Rb (Retinoblastoma) protein; p16/INK4a therefore keeps the Rb protein dephosphorylated, which is the active state of Rb. Mutated CDK4 protein is resistant to the inhibition of p16/INK4a (Ibrahim et al. Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis. 4:551-579, 2009), thus causing the phosphorylation of the Rb protein, which leads to release of the bound transcription factor, E2F, which then allows the cell to undergo unregulated cell division leading to the development of melanoma.
Clinical Sensitivity - Sequencing with CNV PG-Select
Only 2% of the families in the Geno-MEL study carried CDK4 mutations (Goldstein et al. Cancer Res 66:9818–9828, 2006), and less than 15 families have been reported worldwide (Meyle at al. Hum Genet 126:499–510, 2009). To our knowledge, no causative copy number variants have been reported in the CDK4 gene.
Testing Strategy
This test provides full coverage of all coding exons of the CDK4 gene, plus ~10 bases of flanking noncoding DNA. We define full coverage as >20X NGS reads or Sanger sequencing.
Indications for Test
Individuals who have multiple family members with melanoma, multiple primary melanomas within individual members, and diagnosis of additional tumors within a family. Also individuals who want to know their carrier status of CDK4 mutations. This test is specifically designed for heritable germline mutations and is not appropriate for the detection of somatic mutations in tumor tissue.
Individuals who have multiple family members with melanoma, multiple primary melanomas within individual members, and diagnosis of additional tumors within a family. Also individuals who want to know their carrier status of CDK4 mutations. This test is specifically designed for heritable germline mutations and is not appropriate for the detection of somatic mutations in tumor tissue.
Gene
Official Gene Symbol | OMIM ID |
---|---|
CDK4 | 123829 |
Inheritance | Abbreviation |
---|---|
Autosomal Dominant | AD |
Autosomal Recessive | AR |
X-Linked | XL |
Mitochondrial | MT |
Disease
Name | Inheritance | OMIM ID |
---|---|---|
Melanoma, Cutaneous Malignant 3 | AD | 609048 |
Citations
- Goldstein et al. (2006). "High-risk melanoma susceptibility genes and pancreatic cancer, neural system tumors, and uveal melanoma across GenoMEL." Cancer Res 66:9818–9828. PubMed ID: 17047042
- Hemminki et al. (2003). "Familial and attributable risks in cutaneous melanoma: effects of proband and age." J Invest Dermatol 120:217–223. PubMed ID: 12542525
- Ibrahim et al. (2009). "Molecular pathogenesis of cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms." Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis. 4:551-579. PubMed ID: 19400696
- Lin JY, Fisher DE. 2007. Melanocyte biology and skin pigmentation. Nature 445: 843–850. PubMed ID: 17314970
- Mehnert and Kluger. (2012). "Driver mutations in melanoma: lessons learned from bench-to-bedside studies." Curr Oncol Rep 14:449–457. PubMed ID: 22723080
- Meyle at al. (2009). "Genetic risk factors for melanoma." Hum Genet 126:499–510. PubMed ID: 19585149
- Nelson AA, Tsao H. 2009. Melanoma and genetics. Clinics in Dermatology 27: 46–52. PubMed ID: 19095153
Ordering/Specimens
Ordering Options
We offer several options when ordering sequencing tests. For more information on these options, see our Ordering Instructions page. To view available options, click on the Order Options button within the test description.
myPrevent - Online Ordering
- The test can be added to your online orders in the Summary and Pricing section.
- Once the test has been added log in to myPrevent to fill out an online requisition form.
- PGnome sequencing panels can be ordered via the myPrevent portal only at this time.
Requisition Form
- A completed requisition form must accompany all specimens.
- Billing information along with specimen and shipping instructions are within the requisition form.
- All testing must be ordered by a qualified healthcare provider.
For Requisition Forms, visit our Forms page
If ordering a Duo or Trio test, the proband and all comparator samples are required to initiate testing. If we do not receive all required samples for the test ordered within 21 days, we will convert the order to the most effective testing strategy with the samples available. Prior authorization and/or billing in place may be impacted by a change in test code.
Specimen Types
ORDER OPTIONS
View Ordering Instructions1) Select Test Type
2) Select Additional Test Options
No Additional Test Options are available for this test.