Mitochondrial Complex IV Deficiency via the FASTKD2 Gene

Mitochondrial complex IV (CIV) deficiency is characterized by a deficiency of the fourth oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (Fassone and Rahman 2012). Primary mitochondrial CIV deficiency is estimated to account for approximately one-fifth of all OXPHOS disorders (Skladal et al. 2003; Scaglia et al. 2004).

The majority of CIV-deficient patients present with a severe, early-onset disease within the first year of life. Similar to other OXPHOS disorders, recurrent lactic acidosis is a prevalent finding in affected individuals. Patients may display significant heterogeneity in additional clinical features, which can include encephalopathy, hypertropic cardiomyopathy, hypotonia, epilepsy, microcephaly, dystonia, psychomotor delay or impairment, nystagmus, respiratory insufficiency, ataxia, muscle weakness, and/or CIV-deficient Leigh or Leigh-like syndrome (Pecina et al. 2004; Darin et al. 2003; Alfadhel et al. 2011). Leigh syndrome (LS) is a severe, progressive encephalopathy characterized by psychomotor delay or regression, isolated or combined mitochondrial complex deficiencies, elevated levels of lactate in the blood and/or cerebral spinal fluid, bilateral symmetrical lesions in the brainstem and basal ganglia, and neurologic manifestations such as hypotonia or ataxia (Rahman and Thorburn 2015; Lake et al. 2015).

FASTKD2-associated CIV deficiency has been reported in one family of Bedouin ancestry (Ghezzi et al. 2008). Affected individuals presented with an early-onset mitochondrial encephalomyopathy that included developmental delays, hemiplegia, convulsions, asymmetrical brain atrophy, and a CIV deficiency that was detectable in muscle biopsies.

The cytochrome c oxidase enzyme, also referred to as mitochondrial complex IV (CIV) or COX, is the terminal oxidase of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Over 30 genes are involved in the structure, assembly, or function of this enzyme (Kadenbach and Hüttemann 2015). Primary mitochondrial CIV deficiency has been linked to pathogenic variants in approximately half of these genes to date. Three CIV subunits (MT-CO1, MT-CO2, and MT-CO3), which form the catalytic core of the enzyme, are encoded by the mitochondrial genome. Pathogenic variants in MT-CO1, MT-CO2, and MT-CO3 are maternally inherited (Rak et al. 2016). Defects in the remaining nuclear-encoded genes, including FASTKD2, exhibit autosomal recessive inheritance.

The FASTKD2 gene encodes the FAS-induced serine/threonine kinase domain containing protein 2, an RNA-binding protein that is thought to play a role in mitochondrial translation (Popow et al. 2015). One nonsense variant has been reported in this gene to date (Ghezzi et al. 2008).

Due to the paucity of reported patients (<10), clinical sensitivity for FASTKD2-related mitochondrial complex IV deficiency is difficult to estimate at this time, although it is likely to be a rare cause of this disease. All known causative variants in this gene are detectable by sequencing.

This test provides full coverage of all coding exons of the FASTKD2 gene plus 10 bases of flanking noncoding DNA in all available transcripts along with other non-coding regions in which pathogenic variants have been identified at PreventionGenetics or reported elsewhere. We define full coverage as >20X NGS reads or Sanger sequencing. PGnome panels typically provide slightly increased coverage over the PGxome equivalent. PGnome sequencing panels have the added benefit of additional analysis and reporting of deep intronic regions (where applicable).

Dependent on the sequencing backbone selected for this testing, discounted reflex testing to any other similar backbone-based test is available (i.e., PGxome panel to whole PGxome; PGnome panel to whole PGnome).